Controlling the flow of hydrogen and ammonia from a hydrogen generator during a breakthrough with hydrated copper (II) chloride expansion

ABSTRACT

Gas flow is controlled to a feed gas consuming device depending on whether a contaminant gas is present. In one embodiment, hydrogen gas flow from a hydrogen gas generator to a hydrogen consuming device, such as a fuel cell, gas chromatograph or a flame ionization detector, is terminated when there is chemical contaminant breakthrough in the hydrogen gas flow. The apparatus relates to the use of a sensor for detecting a predetermined concentration of a chemical contaminant such as ammonia. In one embodiment the apparatus terminates the gas flow when a concentration of ammonia in the gas flow corresponds to a breakthrough (e.g., approximately in the range of 2.0% or greater). The apparatus prevents the ammonia-contaminated hydrogen from disabling such a hydrogen consuming device that would have otherwise received the contaminated gas flow. The apparatus terminates such a hydrogen contaminated gas flow by exposing a breakthrough detection material to the gas flow, wherein this material is substantially only reactive to concentrations of a predetermined contaminant (e.g., ammonia) for terminating the gas flow when such concentrations are indicative of a breakthrough of the contaminant. For instance, such a material may undergo a readily discernible change when in the presence of at least a predetermined concentration of the contaminant corresponding to a breakthrough. Such a discernible change in the breakthrough detection material may be, e.g., one or more of: a change in volume, density, opacity, color and/or electrical conductivity or potential. The 20 detection material may be used in series with other substances that chemically and physically capture impurities in the gas flow until the detection material reacts, stopping the flow of hydrogen to the hydrogen consuming device.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/259,220 filed Sep. 26, 2002 and entitled “Controlling the Flow of Hydrogen and Ammonia from a Hydrogen Generator during a Breakthrough with Hydrated Copper (II) Chloride Trap now U.S. Pat. No. 7,364,912 00.” U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/259,220 is related to and claims priority from U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/327,639 filed on Oct. 5, 2001 and entitled “Controlling Gas Flow Involving a Feed Gas and a Contaminant Gas.”

RIGHTS OF THE GOVERNMENT

The invention described herein may be manufactured and used by or for the Government of the United States for all governmental purposes without the payment of any royalty.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is related to regulating gas flow when a trace contaminant is present. In particular, the present invention relates to preventing a contaminated hydrogen gas flow, which may include ammonia, from reaching a hydrogen consuming device such as a fuel cell.

BACKGROUND INFORMATION

Hydrogen gas generators are known wherein hydrogen gas is generated by, e.g., a reaction between ammonia (NH₃) and a solid reactant such as lithium aluminum tetrahydride. The resulting hydrogen gas is generally contaminated with ammonia which must be filtered from generated hydrogen gas stream prior to this stream entering a device (e.g., a fuel cell, a gas chromato graph, or a flame ionization detector) that uses hydrogen. Only trace amounts of ammonia are contained in the generated gas mixture up until the generator is substantially depleted of its ability to generate hydrogen gas. Such trace amounts of ammonia can be filtered from the generated gas by providing a material or substance (denoted a “getter” or “getter material” herein) that extracts the ammonia from the generated gas. Prior techniques for performing such filtering of chemical contaminants such as ammonia from contacting the anode of a fuel cell have included direct particle filtration combined with a consumable getter material as shown in U.S. Pat. No. 6,274,093, filed Aug. 6, 1998 and incorporated fully by reference herein. Successful getter materials for the removal of ammonia have included an adsorption material such as zeolite, activated charcoal and/or sodium hydrogen sulfate monohydrate (NaHSO₄.H₂O). Note that NaHSO₄.H₂O reacts chemically with and permanently traps NH₃ from the H₂ stream.

However, when the hydrogen generating reaction within the generator approaches the end of the reaction's ability to generate hydrogen, the concentration of ammonia (or other contaminant) in the generated gas can increase abruptly and substantially. Such an increase in a contaminant (e.g., ammonia) concentration is denoted herein as a “breakthrough.” Moreover, such a breakthrough will eventually overcome the ability of the getter material to filter the contaminant from the gas stream since the getter becomes spent or saturated from reactions with the contaminant in the H₂ stream. Accordingly, the contaminant in the gas stream will accumulate and, at least in the case of ammonia, disable the device receiving the hydrogen gas stream unless the high concentrations of ammonia are prevented from entering the device.

Accordingly, it would be desirable to have a method and apparatus that would inhibit passage of the NH₃ contaminated hydrogen into the hydrogen consuming device by stopping the H₂ and NH₃ gas mixture flow once there is ammonia breakthrough into the generated gas stream. It would also be desirable provide getter materials with large capacities for trapping NH₃ for thereby extending the effective operating time and total hydrogen delivered from a hydrogen gas generator. Moreover, it would be desirable for such a method and apparatus to detect changes in the gas stream NH₃ concentration, and/or rate of concentration change in simple, reliable, and cost effective manner. Additionally, in at least some contexts it would be desirable for the method and apparatus to be substantially passive in the sense that a chemical reaction between the breakthrough ammonia and a breakthrough detection material can, e.g., plug the line providing the generated gas stream so that the gas stream ceases to flow into the device. It would also be advantageous to prevent passage of any unwanted gas to a feed gas consuming device that might not consume hydrogen.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is directed to controlling gas flow when a feed gas and a contaminant gas are present. In a preferred embodiment, hydrogen gas flow from a hydrogen gas generator to a device (such device being e.g., a fuel cell, a gas chromatograph, a flame ionization detector, or other hydrogen utilizing device) is prevented when there is chemical contaminant breakthrough in the hydrogen gas flow. Thus, the present invention may be considered a sensor for detecting a predetermined concentration of a chemical contaminant such as ammonia. In particular, the present invention terminates the gas flow when the concentration of ammonia in the gas flow corresponds to a breakthrough (e.g., approximately in the range of 2.0% or greater by volume). Thus, the present invention prevents the ammonia contaminated hydrogen from disabling a device that would have otherwise received the contaminated gas flow. Moreover, the present invention terminates such a hydrogen contaminated gas flow by exposing a material to the gas flow, wherein this material is substantially only reactive to concentrations of a predetermined contaminant in the gas flow when such concentrations are indicative of a breakthrough of the contaminant. For instance, such a material (denoted herein a “breakthrough detection material”) may undergo a readily discernible change when in the presence of at least a predetermined concentration of the contaminant corresponding to a breakthrough. Such a discernible change in the breakthrough detection material may be, e.g., one or more of: a change in volume, density, opacity, color and/or electrical conductivity or potential.

In one embodiment, the breakthrough detection material for detecting breakthrough concentrations of ammonia may be any one of a number of anhydrous metal salts, and/or hydrated multivalent transition metal halide, sulfate, and/or nitrate complexes. Such hydrated complexes can exchange water ligands for the ammine ligands thereby producing metal ammine complexes. In particular, such a breakthrough detection material may include one or more of:

(1) anhydrous CuC1₂,

(2) hydrated and anhydrous CoC1₂, and AICl₃

(3) hydrated cobalt (II and III) chloride and sulfate,

(4) hydrated copper (II) chloride and sulfate,

(5) hydrated chromium (II and III)) chloride and sulfate, and

(6) hydrated nickel (II) chloride and sulfate.

More particularly, hydrated copper (II) chloride (CuCl₂.2H₂O) has been found to be especially labile and reacts rapidly with ammonia at breakthrough concentrations.

Various embodiments of the present invention are contemplated depending, e.g., on the environment and the application in which the present invention is to be used. In one embodiment, the breakthrough detection material is provided in a component or assembly that is designed to be replaceable separately from one or both of the hydrogen generator and device being supplied with hydrogen gas from the generator. Moreover, this separate component may also include a getter material for the removal of the non-breakthrough traces of the contaminant in the hydrogen gas, wherein such a getter material (e.g., zeolite, NaHSO₄.H₂O, and/or a getter mixture including CuCl₂.2H₂O) when the contaminant is ammonia) may be upstream of the breakthrough material thereby further assuring that the breakthrough material does not prematurely react with the contaminant in the hydrogen gas stream. Additionally, this separate component may also include such a getter material downstream of the breakthrough detection material and/or an additional contaminant adsorption material such as activated charcoal for filtering any contaminant(s) in the gas flow that bypass the breakthrough detection material and any initial upstream getter material prior to the termination of the gas flow to the device. Thus, this separate component may be considered a type of fuse for both preventing ammonia contaminated hydrogen from entering an attached hydrogen consuming device and for indicating when the attached upstream hydrogen generator has substantially depleted its capacity for generating hydrogen. However, other embodiments may incorporate various of the breakthrough detection materials, the upstream or downstream getter materials, and/or additional contaminant absorbers into the hydrogen generator and/or a device.

In one embodiment of the present invention, the breakthrough detection material may be provided in a hydrogen gas conduit between the hydrogen generator and a device in a manner so that the breakthrough detection material is porous enough so that hydrogen with possibly trace amounts of one or more contaminants (e.g., ammonia flow therethrough without plugging the conduit. However, the breakthrough detection material is packed sufficiently densely within the conduit so that shortly after contact with a breakthrough concentration of the contaminant, the breakthrough detection material forms a plug in the conduit that halts the flow of the gas stream to the device. Note that the typical packing density is generally greater than 50% of the theoretical crystalline density for the solid form of the breakthrough detection material (e.g., hydrated copper (II) chloride (CuCl₂.2H₂O). Moreover in one experiment, it was determined that CuCl2-2H₂0 had a five- to tenfold expansion upon reaction with ammonia. This implies a similar change in packing density when confined as disclosed here.

In another embodiment, upon reacting with the contaminant, a change in the size of the breakthrough detection material triggers the release of, e.g., a spring loaded valve for terminating the gas flow to a device. In particular, when the breakthrough detection material includes, e.g., CuCl₂.2H₂O and the contaminant is ammonia, the CuCl₂.2H₂O expands when reacting with the ammonia and such expansion can be used to release the spring-loaded valve so that it shuts off the gas flow.

In another embodiment, a change in, e.g., the color of the breakthrough detection material when reacting with a contaminant in the hydrogen gas stream may be optically detected and a gas flow shut off device may be, e.g., electronically or mechanically activated to terminate gas flow to a device.

Optionally in some embodiments, there may be visual or other indicators provided that allow a user to determine the state or extent to which a hydrogen generator has depleted its ability to produce hydrogen. In particular, such indicators may provide the user with an indication, prior to and/or after breakthrough of a contaminant, as to the characteristics of the gas mixture that has been recently generated as well as the extent to which the hydrogen generator has been depleted and/or is likely to continue to generate hydrogen gas. For example, by providing a breakthrough material such as CuCl₂.2H₂O, and a window along the gas stream flow to allow the user to view the changes in the breakthrough material, the user may be able to gauge the state of the hydrogen generator and the gas mixture being produced therefrom since light blue-green CuCl₂.2H₂O turns dark blue when it comes in contact with a concentration of ammonia of, e.g., approximately 2.0% or greater. However, alternative indicators may also be provided by other embodiments of the invention. For instance, by providing a getter material (and/or composite with another material) that, e.g., changes color as it absorbs the contaminant, and by also providing a window along the gas stream flow, the user may be able to gauge the state of the hydrogen generator. Alternatively, by interleaving, across the gas stream flow, layers of a getter material with a second material that changes color upon contact with a predetermined amount and/or concentration of the contaminant, the user may also be able to gauge the state of the hydrogen generator via an adjacent window along the gas stream flow. Note that the second material may include one of the substances identified in (i) through (v) above. Moreover, note that calibration information (e.g., indicia and/or color indications) may also be provided by embodiments of the invention so that the user can visibly compare the characteristics of the materials in the gas flow with such calibration information for thereby more reliably determining the to characteristics of the gas flow and/or the state of the hydrogen generator.

Additional features and benefits of the present invention will become evident from the accompanying drawing and Detailed Description herein below.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows a graph of the concentration of ammonia in the hydrogen gas stream, over time, for such a hydrogen generator.

FIG. 2 shows a cross section an ammonia filter/fuse 30 according to the present invention, wherein hydrated CuCl₂ is used as the breakthrough detection material.

FIG. 3 shows an exterior view of the ammonia filter/fuse 30 of FIG. 2.

FIGS. 4A through 4F show alternative embodiments of the present invention, wherein, the getter 46, the breakthrough detection material 50 and purifying materials 90 may be distributed such that one or more of these materials is incorporated into a device, such as a fuel cell 94, or the hydrogen generator 98.

FIG. 5 shows another embodiment of the present invention wherein the generated gas mixture flows through a flow controller 110 for controlling (and in particular, preventing the flow of generated gas from reaching a fuel cell) when there is an excessive concentration of ammonia.

FIG. 6 shows one embodiment of the flow controller 110 (labeled herein as 110 a), wherein an expansion sensor 114 detects a change in volume of the breakthrough detection material 50 as it reacts with the NH₃.

FIG. 7 shows an alternative embodiment of the flow controller 110 (this controller being labeled 110 b), wherein optical and electronic components may be used therein.

FIG. 8 shows an alternative embodiment of the ammonia filter/fuse 30.

FIG. 9 shows a graph of the effectiveness of CuCl₂.2H₂O in stopping a hydrogen/ammonia gas flow.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

In operation, hydrogen produced by a hydrogen generator (reactor) such as is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,274,093, filed Aug. 6, 1998 (and incorporated fully by reference herein) is contaminated by traces of NH₃ in a range of approximately 0 to 2,500 parts per million (ppm) while the generator has not substantially depleted its ability to generate hydrogen. FIG. 1 shows a graph of the concentration of ammonia in the hydrogen gas stream, over time, for such a hydrogen generator. The graph 10 of FIG. 1 is an approximation of the concentration of ammonia in parts per million (as indicated by the right Y-axis) over time. Note that the negative ammonia concentrations at times around 400 minutes are due to the small concentration of the ammonia in the generated hydrogen gas and the buildup of computational errors from numerical integrations as one skilled in the art will understand. Accordingly, as the hydrogen generating reaction within the generator progresses toward completion, the hydrogen producing reaction front within the generator approaches the outlet of the generator, and as shown in FIG. 1, the NH₃ concentration increases in the resulting gas mixture. In particular, breakthrough of NH₃ occurs at the elapsed time corresponding to the point 20. Thus, at point 20 (corresponding to approximately 475 minutes of elapsed operating time of the hydrogen generator) there is a rapid increase in the NH₃ concentration. Thus, at approximately point 20 (or shortly thereafter) it is desirable that an embodiment of the present invention prevent further at least the ammonia in the gas flow from the hydrogen generator from reaching a device, such as a fuel cell.

In order to prevent the ammonia from entering a device, such as a fuel cell, prior to breakthrough, a small filter tube in the gas conduit between the hydrogen generator and the fuel cell may be packed with an ammonia getter having several grams of NaHSO₄.H₂O (and optionally mixed with CuCl₂.2H₂O) followed by an amount of activated charcoal as a final filter. This combination of getter and filter is sufficient to prevent substantially all of the ammonia represented by the area under the curve of FIG. 1 prior to point 20 from reaching the device. However, once ammonia breakthrough occurs, both the getter and the filter rapidly become inoperative at filtering the ammonia from the gas stream, and the ammonia in the hydrogen stream is subsequently free to reach and contaminate the device unless otherwise prevented. Moreover, note that the amount of ammonia which the getter must filter prior to breakthrough may vary substantially depending on the operation of the hydrogen generator. The hydrogen is produced in the hydrogen generator by a reaction between ammonia and a reactant such as lithium aluminum tetrahydride (LiAlH₄). Such a reactant is heavier than NH₃, and accordingly it is preferable that as much useful hydrogen is as possible be generated from the reactant provided in the generator. If a user causes the hydrogen generating reaction within the generator to proceed at a slow 113 production rate (e.g., by controlling the amount of ammonia introduced into the reaction container of the generator), then the ammonia is consumed less efficiently and there may be relatively little ammonia left to enter the generated gas stream by the time the hydrogen generating reaction is no longer producing an effective amount of hydrogen. This due to the H₂ producing reaction being colder and less of the LiAlH₄ may be thermally decomposed. However, if the user causes the hydrogen generating reaction within the generator to proceed at a rapid 113 production rate, then the ammonia is consumed more efficiently and there may be substantially more ammonia left to enter the generated gas stream after the ammonia breakthrough time occurs. This is due to the reaction being hotter (+120 deg C.) and a proportionately larger fraction of H₂ being produced from thermal decomposition of LiAlH₄. Accordingly, an excess of ammonia is preferred assuming that ammonia entering the gas stream can be prevented from entering a connected fuel cell (e.g., such prevention being performed by the present invention). Note that in at least some embodiments of the hydrogen generator, slow reactions routinely result in an H₂/NH₃ ratio of approximately 1.5 while hot/fast reactions can produce H₂/NH₃ a ratio of up to five.

In determining compounds or compositions that may be used as a breakthrough material for ammonia, the Applicants passed/flowed an NH₃ contaminated H₂ gas mixture through a glass tube packed with CuCl₂.2H₂O. The Applicants found that CuCl₂.2H₂O reacted with the ammonia and formed a substantially gas impermeable solid or plug that was effective in blocking the flow of the gas mixture. In particular, when a 2% concentration of NH₃ in hydrogen was passed through a tube of hydrated CuCl₂, at approximately 300 mL/min, apparently a solid ammine complex is formed quickly where the gas mixture first contacts the CuCl₂.2H₂O. Subsequently, the solid expands, and then plugs the tube. During the experiment, the total flow rate at the outlet of the tube was measured with a simple flow meter, and the ammonia concentration was measured with an ion selective electrode. In the experiment, the resulting plug shut off the flow of the gas mixture in 8 minutes. Moreover, before the plug shut down the gas flow, a total of less than 5 mg of ammonia passed from the tube outlet. Due to such successful initial tests, embodiments of the present invention have been developed where effectively no ammonia escapes past the plug forming CuCl₂.2H₂O. Such embodiments and test results are described hereinbelow, and in particular, in relation to FIG. 9.

When hydrogen gas contaminated with NH₃ concentrations of about 100 ppm were used in tests similar to those described above, a plug did not form during 30 minutes of exposure. Additionally, it is believed that since the ligand bond energy for an ammine group is larger than that for water in a transition metal complex, ammonia in a H₂ gas should react with any number of hydrated complexes by exchanging water ligands for the ammine ligands. In particular, the following metal complexes are additionally believed to form plugs in the presence of ammonia at concentrations that correspond to an ammonia breakthrough:

(1) anhydrous CuCl₂,

(2) hydrated and anhydrous CoCl₂, and A1C1₃,

(3) hydrated cobalt (II and III) chloride and sulfate,

(4) hydrated copper (II) sulfate,

(5) hydrated chromium (II and III) chloride and sulfate, and

(6) hydrated nickel (II) chloride and sulfate.

Accordingly, Applicants have tested anhydrous CuCl₂, hydrated and anhydrous CoCl₂, and anhydrous AlCl₃. Although these compounds may generate gas impermeable plugs, these compounds were found to be less effective than the hydrated CuCl₂ at similar NH₃ concentrations.

FIGS. 2 and 3 show two views of the same embodiment of an ammonia filter/fuse 30 according to the present invention, wherein hydrated CuC1₂ is used as the breakthrough detection material. The filter/fuse 30 is shown in cross section in FIG. 2, and FIG. 3 shows an external view. The filter/fuse 30 has an outer housing 34 which may be made of aluminum and may be substantially cylindrical. Gas from a hydrogen generator (not shown in FIGS. 2 and 3) is provided to the interior of the housing 34 by a gas conduit 38. The gas conduit 38 is operably sealed to an end cap 42 so that the gas stream in the conduit enters the interior of the housing 34. Note that the end cap 42 may also be made of aluminum, and may be sealed air-tightly to the housing 34 by an epoxy or other sealing method as one skilled in the art will understand. The first material the gas stream contacts within the housing 34 is an ammonia getter 46 (e.g., NaHSO₄H₂O or other mixture of ammonia getter materials, each preferably mixed with CuCl₂.2H₂O). Down stream of the getter 46 and also within the housing 34 is an ammonia breakthrough detection material 50 such as, hydrated copper (II) chloride (CuCl₂.2H₂O). Note that the hydrated copper (II) chloride forms a substantially gas impermeable plug when exposed to an ammonia concentration of 2.0% or greater in the gas stream. Moreover, as mentioned above, hydrated copper (II) chloride also changes from light-green to dark blue when exposed to such an ammonia concentration. At the downstream end of the breakthrough detection material 50, the housing 34 has an annular recess 54 of reduced dimension in comparison to the remainder of the housing 34. Note that the annular recess may extend into the breakthrough detection material 50. During operation, at, e.g., a maximum ambient operating temperature of 50° C., a hydrogen generator may produce a hydrogen gas mixture at a pressure of 20 bars (300 psia). The recess 54 is designed to prevent the plug formed from a reaction between the hydrated copper (II) chloride and the ammonia from being displaced due to a gas pressure buildup on the upstream side of the plug. Note that in one embodiment where the housing 34 is substantially cylindrical, it is desirable that for a breakthrough detection material such as hydrated copper (II) chloride which forms a plug, the lengthwise extent of the hydrated copper (II) chloride in the direction of the gas flow is at least as great as the maximal diameter of the hydrated copper (II) chloride in the housing 34. More preferably, the lengthwise extent of the hydrated copper (II) chloride should be at least twice its maximal diameter. Additionally, in some embodiments, the length to diameter ratio may be in the range of 10 to 20. Note this extra length of the ammonia breakthrough detection material 50 may, in some alternative embodiments, be a replacement for a secondary NH₃ getter downstream from the material 50. Accordingly, the additional getter 58 (described immediately below) may not be needed in these alternative embodiments.

Downstream of the breakthrough material 50, is additional getter 58 followed by activated charcoal or carbon filter 62. The additional getter 58 removes any residual ammonia that bypasses the breakthrough detection material 50 prior to the full formation of a plug. The filter 62 captures any organic solvent vapor and any CuCl₂.2H₂O vapor/impurities (e.g., chlorine). Accordingly, purified H₂ (with possibly traces of water included) exits the filter/fuse 30 and is conveyed via conduit 66 (sealed to end cap 70 which may be identical to end cap 42) to a device H₂ inlet (not shown).

FIGS. 2 and 3 additionally show an outer collar 74 which is tightly fitted to the housing 34 (e.g., by a sweat fit). The collar 74 includes a transparent window 78 therein. An opening into the interior of the housing 34 is provided underneath the collar 74 wherein the opening is aligned with the window 78 so that the breakthrough detection material 50 is visible through the window 78. Thus, for a breakthrough material 50 that changes color upon contact with a sufficient amount and/or concentration of ammonia, the color of the breakthrough material can be viewed by a user for determining whether ammonia breakthrough has occurred.

In operation, the getter 46 may be provided in a sufficient quantity so that under substantially all operating conditions, the ammonia in the H₂ gas stream prior to breakthrough is substantially fully absorbed by the getter 46. Additionally, any residual contaminants are absorbed by the carbon filter 62. However, once breakthrough occurs, ammonia (in sufficient quantities) contacts the breakthrough detection material 50 causing a plug to begin forming in the gas stream. Since some ammonia, as well as other contaminants, may escape past the forming plug, the getter 58 and the carbon filter 62 are provided in sufficient quantities to absorb virtually all remaining contaminants (except possibly water) prior to the purified gas stream entering the conduit 66. The H₂ flow restriction from the forming plug will cause the H₂ pressure at an inlet of an attached device to fall rapidly as the plug forms. If the device controller is programmed to notice this pressure drop, it can warn the operator that it is time replace the current hydrogen generator. Finally, once the plug is fully formed, the gas stream is prevented from reaching an attached device.

There can be numerous alternative embodiments of the present invention, wherein corresponding components to those described above are identically labeled. However, for simplicity, the corresponding components to the getter 58 and/or the carbon filter 62 have been identified as the purifying material(s) 90. FIGS. 4A through 4F show some of the alternative embodiments wherein the getter 46, the breakthrough detection material 50 and purifying materials 90 may be distributed such that one or more of these materials is incorporated into a device, such as, e.g., a fuel cell 94 as shown in the present figures, or the hydrogen generator 98. Thus, one or more of the getter 46, the breakthrough detection material 50, and purifying material(s) 90 reside within a housing for the fuel cell 94 or within the hydrogen generator 98, and accordingly may be subject to the conditions of the fuel cell or the hydrogen generator such as temperature. Moreover, at least the purifying material(s) 90 may be separately replaceable from that of the getter 46 and the breakthrough detection materials 50. Additionally, though not shown in FIGS. 4A through 4F, if the purifying material(s) 90 include, e.g., a comparable component to the getter 58 as well as a comparable component to the carbon filter 62, then these two components, in some embodiments, be separately provided such that, e.g., the carbon filter 62 is attached to the housing of the fuel cell 94 and the getter 58 is operably connected to the filter 62 via a conduit corresponding to conduit 66. One skilled in the art will readily appreciate other combinations that can be provided given the disclosures provided here.

Furthermore, in one embodiment, at least the breakthrough detection material 50, and purifying material(s) 90 may be provided in standardized sized and/or shaped containers so that a plurality of such standardized containers may be used in parallel depending on the H₂ and NH₃ flow characteristics from the hydrogen generator 98. Thus, hydrogen generators providing higher output H₂ flow rates and/or longer duration of NH₃ contaminated H₂ may provide the generated gas mixture to a plenum (not shown) which distributes the gas mixture to the plurality of containers.

Note that in another embodiment, there may be breakthrough detection material 50 containers that are separate from getter 46 containers, wherein one or more getter containers may be placed in series and/or in parallel upstream of, e.g., a single detection material container. Thus, depending on the H₂ and NH₃ flow characteristics of the hydrogen generator 98, a sufficient number of getter containers are placed upstream of the breakthrough detection material container so that the getter material does not become saturated with NH₃ until the ammonia breaks though into the generated gas mixture.

In another embodiment, all getter material may be placed solely downstream of the breakthrough detection material 50. Note that this is possible in that for at least some breakthrough detection materials 50 and hydrogen generators 98, the concentration of ammonia contaminating the hydrogen prior to breakthrough is insufficient to cause a change in the breakthrough detection material that is sufficient to cause a premature termination of the gas mixture flow. Accordingly, one or more getter material containers may be placed downstream of a breakthrough detection container to absorb ammonia until there is a sufficient change in the breakthrough material to terminate the H₂ and NH₃ mixture from the hydrogen generator 98.

FIG. 5 shows another embodiment of the present invention wherein the generated gas mixture flows through a flow controller 110 for controlling (and in particular, preventing the flow of generated gas from reaching a device) when there is an excessive concentration of ammonia. The flow controller 110 having, e.g., the breakthrough detection material 50 included, terminates or prevents the flow of the generated gas mixture from the hydrogen generator 98 when the NH₃ concentration in the gas flow is approximately in the range of approximately 2.0% or greater. Note that the flow controller 110 may have various embodiments. For example, FIG. 6 shows one embodiment of the flow controller 110 (labeled herein as 110 a) wherein an expansion sensor 114 detects a change in volume of the breakthrough detection material 50 as it reacts with the NH₃. Note that the breakthrough detection material 50 may be shaped so that the generated gas mixture reacts with the breakthrough detection material in a manner that causes this material to expand in a predetermined direction (e.g., increasing the diameter of the cylinder 118 of breakthrough detection material. Note that the expansion sensor 114 may be substantially mechanical and having a lever (not shown) for releasing a spring loaded shutoff device such as valve shut off 122 for terminating the gas mixture flow by activating a valve 126.

An alternative embodiment of the flow controller 110 is shown in FIG. 7 (this controller being labeled 110 b), wherein optical and electronic components may be used therein. In particular, an optical sensor 150 may be provided for optically sensing a predetermined change in the breakthrough detection material 50 such as a change in size, opacity, density, and/or color of the breakthrough detection material when the gas flow 152 includes a concentration of ammonia indicative of a breakthrough. For example, if the breakthrough detection material 50 is CuCl₂.2H₂O, this material changes color from light-green to dark blue upon reacting with a gas mixture having approximately a 2.0% or greater ammonia concentration. Thus, the optical sensor 150 may include a reflective photosensor using a red LED to optically interrogate the CuCl₂.2H₂O. Since the blue ammine complexes, resulting from a reaction with NH₃, absorbs red/orange light at about 600-nm, a gradual decrease in reflected LED energy would indicate the onset of ammonia breakthrough. Accordingly, signals from the optical sensor 150 are provided to an optical analyzer 154 for determining when a predetermined color, color change, and/or rate of change is detected. In turn, when the optical analyzer 154 detects a predetermined ammonia related change in the breakthrough detection material 50, a command is output to the shut off actuator 158 (or fuel cell 94) instructing this actuator (or fuel cell 94) to close the valve 162 and thereby terminate the output gas flow 152 (which may include trace amounts of NH₃).

Note that in one embodiment of FIG. 7, only a small amount of CuCl₂.2H₂O may be provided in the gas mixture flow stream 152. For example, a CuCl₂.2H₂O coated surface may be inserted into the gas mixture flow, e.g., within the cylinder 118 which in this embodiment may be glass or some other optically transparent material having a receptacle (not shown) for holding, for instance, a CuCl₂.2H₂O coated substrate. Thus, light from a red light emitting diode can be directed to such a coated surface and the optical characteristics of light reflected therefrom can be analyzed by a optical analyzer 154. Note, that in this embodiment of the flow controller 110 b, the flow controller may be reusable in that if the CuCl₂.2H₂O coated surface is replaceable (e.g., like film in a camera) then the coated surface may be the only component requiring replacement between high ammonia concentration detections. Moreover, the shut off actuator 158 may automatically open the valve 162 when a new CuCl₂.2H₂O coated surface is inserted into the flow controller 110 b.

In another embodiment, the filter/fuse 30 of FIGS. 2 and 3 may be additionally equipped with a gas pressure differential device that is activated by the difference in pressure that results on the opposite sides of the resulting plug. Accordingly, activation of the pressure differential device may cause a valve to shut thereby permanently preventing any the gas flow from leaking from the plug. Note that this embodiment may be useful in conditions were a user may not be available (or may be incapacitated) and the device (e.g., fuel cell) may be left unattended for long periods of time.

A further embodiment of the filter/fuse 30 of the present invention is shown in FIG. 8. Contained within the outer housing 34, is a restricted diameter portion 204 (e.g., having a diameter of approximately 3 mm and a length of approximately 46 mm) having therein the breakthrough detection material 50 (e.g., CuCl₂.2H₂O). At each end of the restricted diameter portion 204 is a stainless steel frit (or breakthrough detection material retainer that is gas permeable) 208 for retaining the breakthrough detection material 50 therein. Downstream of the portion 204 is a carbon or charcoal filter 62 substantially identical the one of FIG. 2. Upstream of the portion 204 is a getter 46, which may include a mixture of CuCl₂.2H₂O and NaHSO₄H₂O. Note that CuCl₂.2H₂O is an effective getter in that it can absorb approximately 1/10 of its weight of ammonia. However, to assure that an accumulation of captured ammonia in a getter having CuCl₂.2H₂O does not prematurely form a plug (or other indication of ammonia breakthrough), the CuCl₂.2H₂O in the getter 46 is mixed with preferably a porous compressible material that can compress with an expansion caused by the reaction between CuCl₂.2H₂O and ammonia. There are numerous such porous compressible materials that may be mixed into the getter 46 such as vermiculites. However, it is also preferable that the porous compressible material also absorb ammonia without adversely effecting the functioning of the filter/fuse 30. In one embodiment, since NaHSO₄H₂O is porous and compressible, it may be mixed with CuCl₂.2H₂O in a range of approximately equal parts to a mixture of approximately 20 parts NaHSO₄H₂O to 80 parts of CuCl₂.2H₂O for thereby obtaining the getter 46.

FIGS. 9 and 10 illustrate the effectiveness of CuCl₂.2H₂O in forming a gas impervious barrier when it reacts with a sufficient amount of ammonia. In particular, these figures show is graphs of the effectiveness of CuCl₂.2H₂O in an embodiment of filter/fuse 30 of FIG. 8, wherein:

-   -   (a) the breakthrough detection material 50 is 0.5 grams of         CuCl₂.2H₂O;     -   (b) the getter 46 is 6.1 grams of a mixture of 25% (by weight)         of NaHSO₄H₂O and 75% by weight CuCl₂.2H₂O; and     -   (c) the filter 62 is 1.8 grams of activated carbon.

A constant gas mixture of 90% hydrogen and 10% ammonia was input to this embodiment of the filter/fuse 30. The gas mixture was provided at 21° C., 100 psi, and an initial gas flow rate of 165 cc/mm (sccm) at the getter 46 inlet. FIG. 9 shows a graph of the difference in pressure between the gas inlet and the gas outlet of the present embodiment of the fuse/filter 30 overtime. Note that the difference in inlet and outlet gas pressures remains relatively small until the gas mixture is provided to the filter/fuse 30 for an elapsed time corresponding to T₁ (i.e., about 103 minutes). From T₁ to T₂ (i.e., about 107 minutes) a plug in the breakthrough detection material 50 commences to restrict the gas flow through the filter/fuse 30 sufficiently to dramatically increase the pressure differential. Finally, from T₂ to T₃ the plug seals off the gas flow substantially completely. FIG. 10 shows a corresponding graph of the hydrogen gas flow out of the filter/fuse 30 from time T₂ to time T₃. Note that at time T₃ there is virtually no gas flow through the filter/fuse 30.

Although the present invention has been substantially described in the context of gas flow involving hydrogen, ammonia and a device that utilizes hydrogen, other gases and devices can be applicable. Chemical trapping (and subsequent blocking of flow) of trace contaminant gas species other than ammonia in a process feed gas could be provided, such as by using transition metal complexes. Gases other than ammonia that can be chemically sequestered through heterogeneous phase reactions with solid phase transition metal complexes can include, but are not limited to: CO, NO_(x), SO_(x), HF, HCI, HCN, H₂S, PH₃, Cl₂, O₂, CO₂, C₂H₂, C₂H₄, and H₂O (carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide and trioxide, hydrogen fluoride, hydrogen chloride, hydrogen cyanide, hydrogen sulfide, phosphine, chlorine, oxygen, carbon dioxide, acetylene, ethylene, and water).

Typical reactions that are known between available transition metal complexes and such trace contaminant gases include, but are not limited to, Ligand Substitution Reactions, Insertion Reactions, and Oxidative Addition Reactions. The selection of a particular transition metal complex for a given trace gas to be sequestered, is dependent on the physical characteristics of the complex. A sufficient density change is required between the reactants and complex to be useful in modulating or terminating the gas flow once a sufficient amount of trace gas has been absorbed or sequestered by the complex. Also the selected transition metal complex should not be reactive to the primary carrier or feed gas that is being purified or filtered of the trace gas.

The foregoing discussion of the invention has been presented for purposes of illustration and description. Further, the description is not intended to limit the invention to the forms disclosed herein. Consequently, variation and modification commensurate with the above teachings, within the skill and knowledge of the relevant art, are within the scope of the present invention. The embodiments described hereinabove are further intended to explain the best modes presently known of practicing the invention and to enable others skilled in the art to utilize the invention as such, or in other embodiments, and with the various modifications required by their particular application or uses of the invention. 

1. A method for controlling the flow of hydrogen and ammonia from a hydrogen generator during a breakthrough, the method comprising: providing a housing forming a chamber, the housing having an inlet and outlet and comprising an expansion or optical sensor; placing hydrated copper (II) chloride in the chamber of the housing, the hydrated copper (II) chloride having a first volume; moving the flow of hydrogen and ammonia through the inlet of the housing and into the hydrated copper (II) chloride placed in the chamber of the housing, wherein the hydrated copper (II) chloride expands to a second volume when at least a breakthrough concentration of ammonia within the flow reacts with the hydrated copper (II) chloride; automatically activating a valve to stop the flow of hydrogen and ammonia from the outlet of the housing when the hydrated copper (II) chloride is at least at the second volume detecting expansion of hydrated copper (II) chloride to the second volume with the expansion or optical sensor.
 2. The method of claim 1 wherein the breakthrough concentration of ammonia is 2 percent or greater by volume of the hydrogen.
 3. The method of claim 2 wherein activating the valve includes moving a lever with the expanded hydrated copper (II) chloride to activate a spring loaded shut-off valve. 